What
Tips the Scales Toward Excess Weight?
The causes of obesity
are as varied as the people it affects.
At its most basic, of
course, obesity results when someone regularly takes in more calories than
needed. The body stores these excess calories as body fat, and over time the
extra pounds add up. Eat fewer calories than the body burns, weight goes down.
This equation can be deceptively simple, though, because it doesn’t account for
the multitude of factors that affect what we eat, how much we exercise, and how
our bodies process all this energy. A complex web surrounds a basic problem.
What are some of the
factors that increase the risk of obesity?
Genes
Are Not To Be Blamed.
Heredity plays a role
in obesity but generally to a much lesser degree than any people might believe.
Rather than being obesity’s sole cause, genes seem to increase the risk of
weight gain and interact with other risk factors in the environment, such as
unhealthy diets and inactive lifestyles. And healthy lifestyles can counteract
these genetic effects.
Prenatal
and Postnatal Influences
Early life is
important, too. Pregnant mothers who smoke or who are overweight may have
children who are more likely to grow up to be obese adults. Excessive weight
gain during infancy also raises the risk of adult obesity, while being
breastfed may lower the risk.
Unhealthy
Diets
What’s become the
typical Western diet—frequent, large meals high in refined grains, red meat,
unhealthy fats, and sugary drinks—plays one of the largest roles in obesity.
Foods that are lacking in the Western diet—whole grains, vegetables, fruits,
and nuts—seem to help with weight control, and also help prevent chronic
disease.
Too
Much Television, Too Little Activity, and Too Little Sleep
Television watching
is a strong obesity risk factor, in part because exposure to food and beverage
advertising can influence what people eat. Physical activity can protect
against weight gain, but globally, people just aren’t doing enough of it.
Lack of sleep—another
hallmark of the Western lifestyle—is also emerging as a risk factor for
obesity.
Toxic
Environment—Food and Physical Activity
As key as individual
choices are when it comes to health, no one person behaves in a vacuum. The physical
and social environment in which people live plays a huge role in the food and
activity choices they make.
And, unfortunately,
in the U.S. and increasingly around the globe, this environment has become
toxic to healthy living: The incessant and unavoidable marketing of unhealthy
foods and sugary drinks. The lack of safe areas for exercising. The junk food
sold at school, at work, and at the corner store. Add it up, and it’s tough for
individuals to make the healthy choices that are so important to a good quality
of life and a healthy weight.
Obesity and its
causes have, in many ways, become woven into the fabric of our society.
To successfully
disentangle them will take a multifaceted approach that not only gives
individuals the skills to make healthier
choices but also sets in place policy and infrastructure that support those
choices.
Turning
Around the Epidemic
The fact that the
obesity epidemic didn’t flash over countries like a wildfire—rather it smoldered
and then slowly grew year after year—has made it even more difficult to combat,
since its causes have become so intertwined into the social, environmental, and
governmental fabric. Yet efforts to combat obesity—primarily through
prevention—are beginning to gain traction, if by a step at a time. To realize
real strides, though, positive change must come to all parts of society: from
governments and schools, businesses and non-profit organization, neighborhoods
and communities, individuals and families.
It is needed of us to change
policies and create an environment where the default option is the healthy
choice. Evidence shows that
obesity prevention policy and environmental change efforts should focus on
facilitating a handful of key behaviors: Based on a review of expert guidance
from major governmental, professional, and public health advocacy
organizations.
Obesity
prevention strategies, recommendations, and resources as more evidence emerges.
Keep in mind that these obesity prevention recommendations as listed below are based primarily
on a review of U.S. expert guidance, unless otherwise indicated; in other
countries, different policy approaches may be needed to achieve improvements in
food and physical activity environments. Choosing healthier foods (whole
grains, fruits and vegetables, healthy fats and
protein sources) and beverages.
Basic
Obesity Prevention Strategies.
·
Limiting unhealthy foods (refined
grains and sweets, potatoes, red meat, processed meat) and beverages (sugary
drinks).
·
Increasing physical activity.
·
Limiting television time, screen time,
and other “sit time”.
·
Improving sleep.
·
Reducing stress.
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